Infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra de ST: trombólise em qualquer local que a medicação esteja disponível / ST elevation myocardial infarction: thrombolysis in any location with available medication

As doenças cardiovasculares, especialmente, o infarto agudo do miocárdio, são responsáveis pela primeira causa de óbito em nosso país. Baseando-se em sua fisiopatogenia e nos fatores de risco envolvidos, a taxa de mortalidade, em 30 dias, varia de 3-5% em centros avançados e quase 30% naqueles cujo atendimento não aplicam as diretrizes recomendadas. Tal mudança dependerá de um aprimoramento organizacional com ações educativas para o paciente, profissionais do setor de emergência e plena sintonia com os gestores do sistema de saúde público ou privado. A angioplastia primária é o tratamento padrão-ouro da reperfusão miocárdica, porém, disponível apenas em 15% dos hospitais. Em geral, o setor público carece dessa disponibilidade, sendo a estratégia fármaco-invasivo-terapia fibrinolítica seguida da transferência precoce para angioplastia ­a recomendada. O diagnóstico baseia-se em critérios eletrocardiográficos, porém, nem sempre há médicos habilitados para tal confirmação. Isso retarda o tratamento e compromete bastante os resultados. A disponibilidade da telemedicina ou teleECG permite que profissionais mesmo à distância possam corroborar com o diagnóstico, orientar o tratamento e obter métricas de qualidade e mortalidade. A rápida identificação do paciente com sinais e sintomas de infarto agudo, diagnóstico imediato no ECG e administração do fibrinolítico não devem ultrapassar 20 minutos. São minutos dependentes da prévia organização que salvam vidas! O tratamento fibrinolítico é a realidade para um país com dimensões continentais e sérias limitações logísticas de transporte. Compete aos gestores de saúde disponibilizá-lo a qualquer hora ou momento para o atendimento do paciente infartado

Cardiovascular events, especially acute myocardial infarction, are the main cause of death in our country. In addition to its physiopathogenesis and the involved risk factors, the 30-day mortality rates vary from 3% to 5% in advanced centers and 30% in those where care does not apply the recommended guidelines. Such change will depend on organizational improvement, as well as patient education, professionals in the emergency department, and harmony with agents in the public or private health system. Primary angioplasty is the gold standard treatment for myocardial reperfusion, but is only available in 15% of hospitals. If it is not available in the public sector, a pharmacoinvasive strategy ­ fibrinolytic therapy followed by patient transfer for angioplasty ­ has been recommended. Diagnosis is based on ECG criteria, but there is a shortage of physicians qualified for such confirmation. This delays the treatment and compromises the results. Telemedicine or teleECG allows distant professionals to corroborate with the diagnosis, guide the treatment, and obtain quality and mortality metrics. The rapid identification of patients with signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction, immediate diagnosis on ECG, and fibrinolytic administration should not exceed 20 min. They are life-saving minutes dependent on prior organization. Fibrinoly-tic treatment is the reality for a country with continental dimensions and transport logistic limitations. It is the responsibility of health managers to make them available to the care of patients with infarction

When is the Best Time for the Second Antiplatelet Agent in Non-St Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome?

Dual antiplatelet therapy is a well-established treatment in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), with class I of recommendation (level of evidence A) in current national and international guidelines. Nonetheless, these guidelines are not precise or consensual regarding the best time to start the second antiplatelet agent. The evidences are conflicting, and after more than a decade using clopidogrel in this scenario, benefits from the routine pretreatment, i.e. without knowing the coronary anatomy, with dual antiplatelet therapy remain uncertain. The recommendation for the upfront treatment with clopidogrel in NSTE-ACS is based on the reduction of non-fatal events in studies that used the conservative strategy with eventual invasive stratification, after many days of the acute event. This approach is different from the current management of these patients, considering the established benefits from the early invasive strategy, especially in moderate to high-risk patients. The only randomized study to date that specifically tested the pretreatment in NSTE-ACS in the context of early invasive strategy, used prasugrel, and it did not show any benefit in reducing ischemic events with pretreatment. On the contrary, its administration increased the risk of bleeding events. This study has brought the pretreatment again into discussion, and led to changes in recent guidelines of the American and European cardiology societies. In this paper, the authors review the main evidence of the pretreatment with dual antiplatelet therapy in NSTE-ACS.

When is the Best Time for the Second Antiplatelet Agent in Non-St Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome? / Qual o Melhor Momento para o Segundo Antiplaquetário na Síndrome Coronariana Aguda sem Elevação do ST?

Abstract Dual antiplatelet therapy is a well-established treatment in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), with class I of recommendation (level of evidence A) in current national and international guidelines. Nonetheless, these guidelines are not precise or consensual regarding the best time to start the second antiplatelet agent. The evidences are conflicting, and after more than a decade using clopidogrel in this scenario, benefits from the routine pretreatment, i.e. without knowing the coronary anatomy, with dual antiplatelet therapy remain uncertain. The recommendation for the upfront treatment with clopidogrel in NSTE-ACS is based on the reduction of non-fatal events in studies that used the conservative strategy with eventual invasive stratification, after many days of the acute event. This approach is different from the current management of these patients, considering the established benefits from the early invasive strategy, especially in moderate to high-risk patients. The only randomized study to date that specifically tested the pretreatment in NSTE-ACS in the context of early invasive strategy, used prasugrel, and it did not show any benefit in reducing ischemic events with pretreatment. On the contrary, its administration increased the risk of bleeding events. This study has brought the pretreatment again into discussion, and led to changes in recent guidelines of the American and European cardiology societies. In this paper, the authors review the main evidence of the pretreatment with dual antiplatelet therapy in NSTE-ACS.

Resumo A indicação de dupla terapia antiplaquetária para o tratamento da síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do ST está bem estabelecida e é recomendação classe I (Nível de Evidência A) nas atuais diretrizes nacionais e internacionais. No entanto, essas mesmas diretrizes não são muito claras e consensuais quanto ao melhor momento para utilização do segundo antiplaquetário. As evidências sobre este tema são conflitantes e, após mais de uma década do uso do clopidogrel neste cenário, ainda há discussão se o pré-tratamento com dupla terapia antiplaquetária teria benefício de maneira rotineira, ou seja, quando aplicada sem conhecer a anatomia coronária. A recomendação de tratamentoupfront com clopidogrel na síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do ST se baseia em redução de eventos não fatais identificados em estudos que utilizavam estratégia conservadora, com eventual estratificação invasiva tardia, vários dias após o evento agudo. Essa abordagem é bastante diferente da que é feita atualmente, tendo em vista os benefícios já demonstrados da estratégia invasiva precoce nos pacientes de risco intermediário/alto. O único ensaio clínico randomizado que testou a hipótese do pré-tratamento na síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do ST sob a atual estratégia invasiva precoce utilizou o antiplaquetário prasugrel e mostrou que não houve benefício em redução de eventos isquêmicos, tendo, por outro lado, aumentado o risco de eventos hemorrágicos. Este estudo trouxe novamente o pré-tratamento à discussão e modificou recomendações nas atuais diretrizes das sociedades americana e europeia de cardiologia. Neste artigo, os autores apresentam uma revisão sobre as principais evidências do pré-tratamento com dupla terapia antiplaquetária na síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do ST.

Atualização do diagnóstico e tratamento do tromboembolismo pulmo / Update on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism

A embolia pulmonar e a trombose venosa profunda são doenças com mesma base fisiopatogênica, denominada tromboembolismo venoso. Em 90% dos casos, os trombos originam-se no sistema da veia cava inferior, especialmente acima dos joelhos e pelve, alojando-se em ramos principais e segmentares dos pulmões, geralmentenos lobos inferiores. Nos Estados Unidos, é a terceira causa de óbito cardiovascular (seguida do infarto do miocárdio e acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico), com incidência anual estimada de 500.000 casos e 100.000 óbitos. A mortalidade hospitalar varia de 1% a 30%, dependendo das repercussões hemodinâmicas e da condição clínica do paciente. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoce reduzem a mortalidade hospitalar (disfunção e falência do ventrículo direito/hipoxemia) bem como suas principais complicações tardias: hipertensão pulmonar crônica, síndrome pós-trombótica, flegmasia alba dolens e cerulea dolens. O prognóstico poderá ser modificado adotando-se medidas preventivas, identificação e tratamento em tempo hábil, além da anticoagulação oral por período adequado...

Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis are diseases with same physiopathogenic base, called venous thromboembolism. In 90% of cases, thrombi originate in the inferior vena cava system, especially above the knees and pelvis, lodging in the main and segmental branches of the lungs, usually in the lower lobes. In the United States, it is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death (followed by myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke), with estimated annual incidence of 500,000 cases and 100,000 deaths. The hospital mortality rate ranges from 1% to 30%, depending on the hemodynamic effects and clinical condition of the patient. Early diagnosis and treatment reduce hospital mortality (dysfunction and failure of the right ventricle/hypoxemia) and its main late complications: chronic pulmonary hypertension, post-thrombotic syndrome, phlegmasia alba dolens and cerulea dolens. The prognosis may be modified by adopting preventive measures, identification and treatment in a timely manner, as well as oral anticoagulation for an adequate period...

Improving Indicators in a Brazilian Hospital Through Quality-Improvement Programs Based on STS Database Reports

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To report the initial changes after quality-improvement programs based on STS-database in a Brazilian hospital. METHODS: Since 2011 a Brazilian hospital has joined STS-Database and in 2012 multifaceted actions based on STS reports were implemented aiming reductions in the time of mechanical ventilation and in the intensive care stay and also improvements in evidence-based perioperative therapies among patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgeries. RESULTS: All the 947 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgeries from July 2011 to June 2014 were analyzed and there was an improvement in all the three target endpoints after the implementation of the quality-improvement program but the reduction in time on mechanical ventilation was not statistically significant after adjusting for prognostic characteristics. CONCLUSION: The initial experience with STS registry in a Brazilian hospital was associated with improvement in most of targeted quality-indicators.

Improving Indicators in a Brazilian Hospital Through Quality-Improvement Programs Based on STS Database Reports.

OBJECTIVE: To report the initial changes after quality-improvement programs based on STS-database in a Brazilian hospital. METHODS: Since 2011 a Brazilian hospital has joined STS-Database and in 2012 multifaceted actions based on STS reports were implemented aiming reductions in the time of mechanical ventilation and in the intensive care stay and also improvements in evidence-based perioperative therapies among patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgeries. RESULTS: All the 947 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgeries from July 2011 to June 2014 were analyzed and there was an improvement in all the three target endpoints after the implementation of the quality-improvement program but the reduction in time on mechanical ventilation was not statistically significant after adjusting for prognostic characteristics. CONCLUSION: The initial experience with STS registry in a Brazilian hospital was associated with improvement in most of targeted quality-indicators.

Evaluation of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons score system for isolated coronary bypass graft surgery in a Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVE: Report the experience with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system in a Brazilian population submitted to isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. METHODS: Data were collected from January-2010 to December-2011, and analyzed to determine the performance of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system on the determination of postoperative mortality and morbidity, using the method of the receiver operating characteristic curve as well as the Hosmer-Lemeshow and the Chi-square goodness of fit tests. From the 1083 cardiac surgeries performed during the study period 659 represented coronary artery bypass graft procedures which are included in the present analysis. Mean age was 61.4 years and 77% were men. RESULTS: Goodness of fit tests have shown good calibration indexes both for mortality (X2=6.78, P=0.56) and general morbidity (X2=6.69, P=0.57). Analysis of area under the ROC-curve (AUC) demonstrated a good performance to detect the risk of death (AUC 0.76; P<0.001), renal failure (AUC 0.79; P<0.001), prolonged ventilation (AUC 0.80; P<0.001), reoperation (AUC 0.76; P<0.001) and major morbidity (AUC 0.75; P<0.001) which represents the combination of the assessed postoperative complications. STS scoring system did not present comparable results for short term hospital stay, prolonged length of hospital stay and could not be properly tested for stroke and wound infection. CONCLUSION: Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system presented a good calibration and discrimination in our population to predict postoperative mortality and the majority of the harmful events following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Analysis of larger samples might be needed to further validate the use of the score system in Brazilian populations.

Impacto inicial de uma clínica de insuficiência cardíaca em hospital cardiológico privado / Initial impact of a disease management program on heart failure in a private cardiology hospital

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca ainda leva a hospitalizações frequentes apesar dos notáveis avanços terapêuticos. Programas que monitoram e otimizam cuidados têm potencial para melhorar o controle desses pacientes apesar de evidências ainda controversas quanto ao seu real benefício. Objetivos: Caracterizar a população incluída em clínica de insuficiência cardíaca e avaliar a hipótese de benefícios a curto prazo (seis meses). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo que avaliou pacientes hospitalizados com insuficiência cardíaca em hospital privado cardiológico de janeiro a dezembro 2012. Os pacientes foram estratificados em: Grupo 1 – pacientes pré-Programa de cuidados (feito apenas registro de dados); Grupo 2 – pacientes pós-Programa (registro dos mesmos dados junto com intervenções educativas feitas pelo programa de cuidados da Clínica de Insuficiência Cardíaca). Analisadas características da população, indicadores de qualidade e desfechos clínicos. Resultados: Avaliados 762 pacientes, média de idade 70,4±11,0 anos, 56,0 % do sexo masculino. Fração de ejeção reduzida observada em 65,0 %, perfil hemodinâmico B em 66,0 %, etiologia isquêmica em 52,0 % e infecção como fator de descompensação em 29,0 % dos casos. Desfechos analisados nos Grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente: re-hospitalização em 30 dias (13,0 % vs. 9,0 %; p=0,10); tempo médio de hospitalização (9,0 dias vs. 8,4 dias; p=0,4); descompensação por má aderência (17,0 % vs. 10,0 %; p=0,004); mortalidade hospitalar (9,0 % vs. 8,0 %; p=0,7).

Background: Heart failure still leads to frequent hospitalizations despite notable therapeutic advances. Programs that monitor and optimize care have the potential to enhance control of these patients, although evidence of their real benefits is still controversial. Objectives: To describe the population with heart failure included in a Clinical Care Program, assessing the hypothesis of short-term benefits (6 months). Methods: Prospective study assessing heart failure patients in a private cardiology hospital from January to December 2012, divided into two groups: Group 1 – pre-Care Program patients with only data recorded; Group 2 – post-Care Program patients with the same data recorded, together with educational interventions through the Care Program run by the Heart Failure Clinic. The demographic characteristics of the population were analyzed, together with quality indicators and clinical outcomes. Results: Among the 762 patients assessed, the mean age was 70.4±11.0 years, with 56.0% male. Reduced ejection fraction was noted in 65.0%, hemodynamic profile B in 66.0%, ischemic etiology in 52.0% and infection as a decompensation factor in 29.0% of cases. The outcomes analyzed in Groups 1 and 2 were, respectively: hospital readmissions within 30 days (13.0% vs. 9.0%; p=0.1); average length of stay (9.0 days vs. 8.4 days, p=0.4); decompensation due to poor compliance (17.0% vs. 10.0%; p=0.004); and in-hospital mortality (9.0% vs. 8.0%; p=0.7).

Evaluation of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons score system for isolated coronary bypass graft surgery in a Brazilian population / Avaliação dos escores da Society of Thoracic Surgeons para cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica isolada em uma população brasileira

Objective: Report the experience with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system in a Brazilian population submitted to isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: Data were collected from January-2010 to December-2011, and analyzed to determine the performance of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system on the determination of postoperative mortality and morbidity, using the method of the receiver operating characteristic curve as well as the Hosmer-Lemeshow and the Chi-square goodness of fit tests. From the 1083 cardiac surgeries performed during the study period 659 represented coronary artery bypass graft procedures which are included in the present analysis. Mean age was 61.4 years and 77% were men. Results: Goodness of fit tests have shown good calibration indexes both for mortality (X2=6.78, P=0.56) and general morbidity (X2=6.69, P=0.57). Analysis of area under the ROC-curve (AUC) demonstrated a good performance to detect the risk of death (AUC 0.76; P<0.001), renal failure (AUC 0.79; P<0.001), prolonged ventilation (AUC 0.80; P<0.001), reoperation (AUC 0.76; P<0.001) and major morbidity (AUC 0.75; P<0.001) which represents the combination of the assessed postoperative complications. STS scoring system did not present comparable results for short term hospital stay, prolonged length of hospital stay and could not be properly tested for stroke and wound infection. Conclusion: Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system presented a good calibration and discrimination in our population to predict postoperative mortality and the majority of the harmful events following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Analysis of larger samples might be needed to further validate the use of the score system in Brazilian populations. .

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência com o "Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system" em uma amostra de pacientes da população brasileira submetida a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica isolada. Métodos: Foram coletados dados de janeiro de 2010 até dezembro de 2011 e analisados para determinar o desempenho do "Society of Thoracic Surgeons scoring system" na determinação de mortalidade e morbidade pós-operatória, utilizando o método da característica de operação do receptor (ROC-curve) e tes tes Chi-quadrado e Hosmer-Lemeshow para qualidade de ajus te. Das 1083 cirurgias cardíacas realizadas durante o período de estudo, 659 foram cirurgias de revascularização miocárdica que são aqui analisadas. A idade média foi de 61,4 anos e 77% dos pacientes eram homens. Resultados: Testes de bondade de ajustamento demonstraram boa calibração tanto para mortalidade (X2=6,78, P=0,56) quanto para morbidade geral (X2=6,69, P=0,57). A análise da área sob a curva ROC (AUC) demonstrou bom desempenho para detectar o risco de morte (AUC 0,76; P<0,001), insuficiência renal (AUC 0,79; P<0,001), ventilação prolongada (AUC 0,80; P<0,001), reoperação (AUC 0,76; P<0,001) e morbidade maior (AUC 0,75; P<0.001) que representa a combinação das complicações avaliadas. O escore Society of Thoracic Surgeons não apresentou resultados comparáveis para internação de curta duração, internação hospitalar prolongada e não pôde ser adequadamente testado para acidente vascular cerebral e infecção de ferida operatória. Conclusão: O sistema de escore Society of Thoracic Surgeons apresentou boa calibração e discriminação em nossa população para a predição de mortalidade p...

Implementation of an institutional protocol for rational use of blood products and its impact on postoperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac surgeries are sometimes followed by significant blood loss, and blood transfusions may be necessary. However, indiscriminant use of blood components can result in detrimental effects for the patient. We evaluated the short-term effects of implementation of a protocol for the rational use of blood products in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: Between April and June 2011, an institutional protocol was implemented in a private hospital specializing in cardiology to encourage rational use of blood products, with the consent and collaboration of seven cardiac surgery teams. We collected clinical and demographic data on the patients. The use of blood products and clinical outcomes were analyzed during hospital stay before and after protocol implementation. The protocol consisted of an institutional campaign with an educational intervention to surgical and anesthesiology teams; the goal was to tailor blood transfusion practice according to clinical goals (anemia with hemodynamic changes and significant ventricular dysfunction) and to make routine the prescription of ε-aminocaproic acid intraoperatively, which is recommended by international guidelines based on scientific evidence. RESULTS: After three months of protocol implementation, the use of ε-aminocaproic acid increased from 31% to 100%. A total of 67% of surgeries before protocol implementation required any blood transfusion, compared with 40% that required any blood transfusion after protocol implementation in subsequent months of the same year (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes assessed before and after implementation of the protocol. CONCLUSION: The rational use of blood products associated with infusion of ε-aminocaproic acid has the potential to reduce the number of blood transfusions in perioperative of cardiac surgeries, but it can affect the risk of complications.

Implantação de protocolo institucional para o uso racional de hemoderivados e seu impacto no pós-operatório de cirurgias de revascularização miocárdica / Implementation of an institutional protocol for rational use of blood products and its impact on postoperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJETIVO: Cirurgias cardíacas são, por vezes, acompanhadas de perdas sanguíneas significativas, e transfusões de sangue podem ser necessárias. No entanto, o uso indiscriminado de hemoderivados pode resultar em efeitos danosos para o paciente. Neste estudo, avaliamos os efeitos imediatos da implantação de um protocolo para o uso racional de hemoderivados no perioperatório de cirurgias de revascularização miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Entre os meses de abril e junho de 2011, foi implementado um protocolo institucional em um hospital privado especializado em cardiologia com a anuência e a colaboração de sete equipes de cirurgia cardíaca, visando ao uso racional de hemoderivados. Foram verificados dados clínicos e demográficos dos pacientes, e avaliados o uso de hemoderivados e os desfechos clínicos no período intra-hospitalar, antes e após a implantação do protocolo. O protocolo consistiu em uma campanha institucional junto às equipes cirúrgicas, de anestesiologia e intensivistas, para difundir a prática do uso de hemoderivados com base em critérios clínicos objetivos (anemia com repercussões hemodinâmicas e disfunção ventricular significativa), bem como tornar rotineira a prescrição de ácido epsilon-aminocaproico no intraoperatório, que é prática recomendada por diretrizes internacionais baseadas em evidência científica. RESULTADOS: Após os 3 meses de implantação do protocolo, houve aumento do uso de ácido epsilon-aminocaproico de 31% para 100%. Antes da implantação do protocolo, 67% das cirurgias utilizaram alguma transfusão sanguínea; após a implantação, 40% das cirurgias necessitaram de alguma transfusão sanguínea nos meses subsequentes do mesmo ano (p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa nos desfechos clínicos avaliados antes e após implantação do protocolo. CONCLUSÃO: O uso racional de hemoderivados, associado à infusão do ácido epsilon-aminocaproico, tem o potencial de reduzir o número de hemotransfusões no perioperatório de cirurgias cardíacas...

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac surgeries are sometimes followed by significant blood loss, and blood transfusions may be necessary. However, indiscriminant use of blood components can result in detrimental effects for the patient. We evaluated the short-term effects of implementation of a protocol for the rational use of blood products in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: Between April and June 2011, an institutional protocol was implemented in a private hospital specializing in cardiology to encourage rational use of blood products, with the consent and collaboration of seven cardiac surgery teams. We collected clinical and demographic data on the patients. The use of blood products and clinical outcomes were analyzed during hospital stay before and after protocol implementation. The protocol consisted of an institutional campaign with an educational intervention to surgical and anesthesiology teams; the goal was to tailor blood transfusion practice according to clinical goals (anemia with hemodynamic changes and significant ventricular dysfunction) and to make routine the prescription of å-aminocaproic acid intraoperatively, which is recommended by international guidelines based on scientific evidence. RESULTS: After three months of protocol implementation, the use of å-aminocaproic acid increased from 31% to 100%. A total of 67% of surgeries before protocol implementation required any blood transfusion, compared with 40% that required any blood transfusion after protocol implementation in subsequent months of the same year (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes assessed before and after implementation of the protocol. CONCLUSION: The rational use of blood products associated with infusion of å-aminocaproic acid has the potential to reduce the number of blood transfusions in perioperative of cardiac surgeries, but it can affect the risk of complications.

Comparação das vias radial e femoral nas intervenções coronárias percutâneas: resultados do registro TotalCor / Comparison of radial vs. femoral access in percutaneous coronary interventions: outcomes of the TotalCor registry

Introdução: A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) por via radial ainda é pouco utilizada em nosso meio. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e os resultados da ICP por via radial, comparada à via femoral, em uma população do mundo real. Métodos: Registro unicêntrico, com 507 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a ICP pelas vias radial (n = 121) e femoral (n = 386), de acordo com a escolha do operador. Resultados: Os pacientes que utilizaram a via radial (23,9%) eram mais frequentemente do sexo masculino (78,5% vs. 69,9%; P = 0,07) e tabagistas (19,8% vs. 11,7%; P = 0,02), com maior prevalência de lesões uniarteriais (59,5% vs. 46,4%), tipo A/B1 (39% vs. 28,4%) e com função ventricular preservada (87,1% vs. 73%; P < 0,01). Nesse grupo foram utilizados stents de maior diâmetro e menor comprimento. O sucesso do procedimento foi elevado (97,3% vs. 96,3%; P = 0,56) e a incidência de óbito foi baixa, não diferindo entre os grupos (0,8% vs. 0,8%; P = 0,96), assim como as taxas de infarto do miocárdio (2,5% vs. 2,1%; P = 0,73). Não ocorreram revascularizações do vaso-alvo de urgência. Os pacientes tratados pela via radial permaneceram menos tempo internados (1 dia vs. 2 dias; P = 0,02) e não apresentaram complicações vasculares (0 vs. 3,4%; P = 0,045). Conclusões: A utilização da ICP por via radial representa o dobro da média nacional na instituição em que o estudo foi realizado, e a escolha de pacientes para essa técnica trouxe resultados do procedimento equivalentes aos da via femoral, nenhuma complicação vascular, e reduziu à metade o tempo de internação hospitalar.

BACKGROUND: In our country radial access is still underused in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and compare radial to femoral vascular access for PCI in a real-world population. METHODS: Single center registry, with 507 consecutive patients undergoing PCI by radial (n = 121) and femoral (n = 386) access, according to the operator's choice. RESULTS: Patients using radial access (23.9%) were more often male (78.5% vs. 69.9%; P = 0.07) and smokers (19.8% vs. 11.7%; P = 0.02), had a higher prevalence of single-vessel disease (59.5% vs. 46.4%), type A/B1 (39% vs. 28.4%) lesions and had preserved ventricular function (87.1% vs. 73%; P < 0.01). Larger diameter and shorter stents were used in this group. Procedure success was high (97.3% vs. 96.3%; P = 0.56), the incidence of death was low and was not different between groups (0.8% vs. 0.8%; P = 0.96), as well as myocardial infarction rates (2.5% vs. 2.1%; P = 0.73). There were no urgent target-vessel revascularizations. Patients treated by the radial approach had a shorter hospitalization period (1 day vs. 2 days; P = 0.02) and did not have vascular complications (0 vs. 3.4%; P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: The use of radial access for PCI in our institution is twice the national average and the choice of patients for this technique provided similar results to those obtained by the femoral approach, no vascular complications and halved patients' average stay in hospital.

Estratificação de risco e tratamento da embolia pulmonar / Pulmonary embolism: risk stratification and treatment

O tromboembolismo pulmonar é uma doença potencialmente fatal, consequente à fragmentação e à embolização de trombos oriundos do sistema venoso profundo para o território arterial pulmonar. Nos pacientes não tratados, a mortalidade é de aproximadamente 30 por cento. O diagnóstico precoce e o rápido tratamento melhoram a qualidade de vida e reduzem o risco de suas complicações: a hipertensão pulmonar e a síndrome pós-trombose venosa profunda. O tratamento convencional baseia-se na anticoagulação sistêmica com heparina não-fracionda ou de baixo peso molecular associada à anticoagulação oral. Quando contraindicada, pode-se utilizar o filtro de veia cava inferior ou embolectomia cirúrgica ou percutânea. Os pacientes com instabilidade hemodinâmica são candidatos à terapia fibrinolítica. Algoritmos diagnósticos e estratificação de risco são estratégias que auxiliam na orientação terapêutica.